Schemes of 21 virus families infecting humans showing a number of distinctive criteria: presence of an envelope or double- capsid and internal nucleic acid genome. DsRNA viruses, e. Each segment consists of a complementary sense and antisense strand that is hydrogen bonded into a linear ds molecule. The replication of these viruses is complex; only the sense RNA strands are released from the infecting virion to initiate replication.
The retrovirus genome comprises two identical, plus-sense ssRNA molecules, each monomer 7—11 kb in size, that are noncovalently linked over a short terminal region. Retroviruses contain 2 envelope proteins encoded by the env-gene, 4—6 nonglycosylated core proteins and 3 non-structural functional proteins reverse transcriptase, integrase, protease: RT, IN, PR specified by the gag-gene Fig.
This DNA, mediated by the viral integrase, becomes covalently bonded into the DNA of the host cell to make possible the subsequent transcription of the sense strands that eventually give rise to retrovirus progeny. After assembly and budding, retroviruses show structural and functional maturation. In immature virions the structural proteins of the core are present as a large precursor protein shell.
After proteolytic processing by the viral protease the proteins of the mature virion are rearranged and form the dense isometric or cone-shaped core typical of the mature virion, and the particle becomes infectious.
Most DNA viruses Fig. The papovaviruses, comprising the polyoma- and papillomaviruses, however, have circular DNA genomes, about 5. Three or 2 structural proteins make up the papovavirus capsid: in addition, nonstructural proteins are encoded that are functional in virus transcription, DNA replication and cell transformation.
Single-stranded linear DNA, 4—6 kb in size, is found with the members of the Parvovirus family that comprises the parvo-, the erythro- and the dependoviruses. The virion contains 2—4 structural protein species which are differently derived from the same gene product see Ch. The adeno-associated virus AAV, a dependovirus is incapable of producing progeny virions except in the presence of helper viruses adenovirus or herpesvirus.
It is therefore said to be replication defective. Circular single-stranded DNA of only 1. The isometric capsid measures 17 nm and is composed of 2 protein species only. On the basis of shared properties viruses are grouped at different hierarchical levels of order, family, subfamily, genus and species.
More than 30, different virus isolates are known today and grouped in more than 3, species, in genera and 71 families. Viral morphology provides the basis for grouping viruses into families. A virus family may consist of members that replicate only in vertebrates, only in invertebrates, only in plants, or only in bacteria.
Certain families contain viruses that replicate in more than one of these hosts. This section concerns only the 21 families and genera of medical importance. Besides physical properties, several factors pertaining to the mode of replication play a role in classification: the configuration of the nucleic acid ss or ds, linear or circular , whether the genome consists of one molecule of nucleic acid or is segmented, and whether the strand of ss RNA is sense or antisense.
Also considered in classification is the site of viral capsid assembly and, in enveloped viruses, the site of nucleocapsid envelopment. Table lists the major chemical and morphologic properties of the families of viruses that cause disease in humans. The use of Latinized names ending in -viridae for virus families and ending in -virus for viral genera has gained wide acceptance. The names of subfamilies end in -virinae. Vernacular names continue to be used to describe the viruses within a genus.
In this text, Latinized endings for families and subfamilies usually are not used. Table shows the current classification of medically significant viruses. In the early days of virology, viruses were named according to common pathogenic properties, e. From the early s until the mids, when many new viruses were being discovered, it was popular to compose virus names by using sigla abbreviations derived from a few or initial letters.
Thus the name Picornaviridae is derived from pico small and RNA; the name Reoviridae is derived from respiratory, enteric, and orphan viruses because the agents were found in both respiratory and enteric specimens and were not related to other classified viruses; Papovaviridae is from papilloma, polyoma, and vacuolating agent simian virus 40 [SV40] ; retrovirus is from reverse transcriptase; Hepadnaviridae is from the replication of the virus in hepatocytes and their DNA genomes, as seen in hepatitis B virus.
Hepatitis A virus is classified now in the family Picornaviridae, genus Hepatovirus. Although the current rules for nomenclature do not prohibit the introduction of new sigla, they require that the siglum be meaningful to workers in the field and be recognized by international study groups.
Several viruses of medical importance still remain unclassified. Some are difficult or impossible to propagate in standard laboratory host systems and thus cannot be obtained in sufficient quantity to permit more precise characterization. Hepatitis E virus, the Norwalk virus and similar agents see Ch.
The fatal transmissible dementias in humans and other animals scrapie in sheep and goat; bovine spongiform encephalopathy in cattle, transmissible mink encephalopathy; Kuru, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, and Gerstmann-Straussler-Scheinker syndrome in humans see Ch. The agents causing transmissible subacute spongiform encephalopathies have been linked to viroids or virinos i. Some of the transmissible amyloidoses show a familial pattern and can be explained by defined mutations which render a primary soluble glycoprotein insoluble, which in turn leads to the pathognomonic accumulation of amyloid fibers and plaques.
The pathogenesis of the sporadic amyloidoses, however, is still a matter of highly ambitious research. These proteins act as antigens. Antigens are molecular structures on the surface of viruses that are recognized by the immune system and can trigger an immune response such as antibody production.
Therefore, for antigenically different viruses, immunity developed against one of the viruses will not necessarily protect against the other virus as well. Influenza A H3N2 viruses also change both genetically and antigenically. Influenza A H3N2 viruses have formed many separate, genetically different clades in recent years that continue to co-circulate. Similar to influenza A viruses, influenza B viruses can then be further classified into specific clades and sub-clades.
Influenza B viruses generally change more slowly in terms of their genetic and antigenic properties than influenza A viruses, especially influenza A H3N2 viruses. Influenza surveillance data from recent years shows co-circulation of influenza B viruses from both lineages in the United States and around the world.
However, the proportion of influenza B viruses from each lineage that circulate can vary by geographic location and by season. Figure 2 — This image shows how influenza viruses are named. The name starts with the virus type, followed by the place the virus was isolated, followed by the virus strain number often a sample identifier , the year isolated, and finally, the virus subtype.
CDC follows an internationally accepted naming convention for influenza viruses. This convention was accepted by WHO in and published in February in the Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 58 4 see A revision of the system of nomenclature for influenza viruses: a WHO Memorandum pdf icon[ KB, 7 pages]external icon pdf icon external icon.
The approach uses the following components:. Getting a flu vaccine can protect against these viruses as well as additional flu viruses that are antigenically similar to the viruses used to make the vaccine. Tunneling Virus: This virus attempts to bypass detection by antivirus scanner by installing itself in the interrupt handler chain. Interception programs, which remain in the background of an operating system and catch viruses, become disabled during the course of a tunneling virus. Similar viruses install themselves in device drivers.
Multipartite Virus: This type of virus is able to infect multiple parts of a system including the boot sector, memory, and files. This makes it difficult to detect and contain. Armored Virus: An armored virus is coded to make it difficult for antivirus to unravel and understand.
It uses a variety of techniques to do so like fooling antivirus to believe that it lies somewhere else than its real location or using compression to complicate its code. It is also called the browser redirect virus because it redirects your browser to other malicious sites that can harm your computer system. Resident Virus: Resident viruses installation store for your RAM and meddle together along with your device operations.
Next Introduction of Firewall in Computer Network. Recommended Articles. Article Contributed By :. Easy Normal Medium Hard Expert. Writing code in comment? Please use ide. These proteins act as enzymes during viral nucleic acid synthesis. Some viruses are classified as viroids, which contain only a DNA-like structure.
This coronavirus is especially dangerous for older adults and people with underlying medical conditions. As with SARS,. A loving relationship is about the trust that your partner wants to be with you. Love is a choice. It is exciting, safe, and full. Breaking News. By: adminjobs. How to Express Your Love January 13,
0コメント