If an audio file or transcript is available online, use the following model, specifying the medium in brackets e. Butler, C. Oral History 2 [Interview transcript]. When citing online lecture notes, be sure to provide the file format in brackets after the lecture title e. PowerPoint slides, Word document. Hallam, A. Duality in consumer theory [PDF document]. Roberts, K. Federal regulations of chemicals in the environment [PowerPoint slides].
Do not cite standard office software e. Word, Excel or programming languages. Provide references only for specialized software. Hayes, B. E-mails are not included in the list of references, though you parenthetically cite them in your main text: E. Robbins, personal communication, January 4, Include the title of the message, and the URL of the newsgroup or discussion board. Please note that titles for items in online communities e. If the author's name is not available, provide the screen name.
Place identifiers like post or message numbers, if available, in brackets. If available, provide the URL where the message is archived e. Frook, B. New inventions in the cyberworld of toylandia [Msg 25]. Include the title of the message and the URL. J Dean. When the self emerges: Is that me in the mirror? Online videos are cited similarly to the other types of digital media described above.
However, because the creators of digital videos often go by pseudonymous screen names, this information is included after the author's name. Title of video [Video file]. Here, the "author" is the person who uploaded the video file. The screen name should be spelled and capitalized exactly as it appears, even if it does not observe standard spelling and capitalization rules. If no author name is available, or if the author's name is identical to the username, leave it out.
In this case, do not put the username in brackets. How to be creative [Video file]. Please note that the APA Style Guide to Electronic References warns writers that wikis like Wikipedia, for example are collaborative projects that cannot guarantee the verifiability or expertise of their entries. For all podcasts, provide as much information as possible; not all of the following information will be available. Possible addition identifiers may include Producer, Director, etc. Bell, T. A solar flare.
Scott, D. The community college classroom [Episode 7]. Adventures in Education. Stoker, B. Dracula [Kindle DX version]. In Editor's First Initial. Editor's Last Name Ed. Note: If you have more than one editor list their name s after the first editor listed in the book, giving their initials and last name. When you have one editor the short form Ed.
If you have more than one editor use Eds. O'Neil, J. Men's and women's gender role journeys: A metaphor for healing, transition, and transformation. Wainrib Ed. Author's Last Name, Year. Author's Last Name, Year, p. Page Number. Title of article.
Caviness, L. Brain-relevant education. Salkind Ed. Sage Publications. Example 1 author : Caviness, Example 1 author : Caviness, , Focus on the brain section, para. Note: When there are no visible page numbers or paragraph numbers, you may cite the section heading and the number of the paragraph in that section to identify where your quote came from.
Willamette Blvd. It looks like you're using Internet Explorer 11 or older. This website works best with modern browsers such as the latest versions of Chrome, Firefox, Safari, and Edge. The chapter title is in sentence case. The book title is set in italics. Include the publication year of the original work in parenthesis. To cite sources that have authors with the same last name surname but different first initials, you need to follow the guidelines below.
Note that in parenthetical citations, in-text citations are arranged alphabetically according to the initial. Include the first initials only for the first authors with the same surnames in all in-text citations.
Even if the second authors are different people with different initials, do not include the initials of the second author. Note that in parenthetical citations, in-text citations are arranged according to the initials of the first author. If two or more sources have the same last name for the first author, differentiate them by including the first initials for the first authors. Arrange works by first authors with the same surname and different initials alphabetically by first initial s , without considering the number of authors.
Upload a paper to check for plagiarism against billions of sources and get advanced writing suggestions for clarity and style. Get Started. Certain features require a modern browser to function.
Please use a different browser, like Firefox , Chrome , or Safari. How useful was this post? Click on a star to rate it! We are sorry that this post was not useful for you! Let us improve this post! Harris, K. APA educational psychology handbook Vols. This guidance has been revised from the 6th edition. This page contains reference examples for books, including the following: Whole authored book Whole edited book Republished book, with editor Book published with new foreword by another author Several volumes of a multivolume work.
Whole authored book. Provide the author, year of publication, title, and publisher of the book. Use the same format for both print books and ebooks. Include any edition information in parentheses after the title, without italics. Do not include the publisher location. Do not include the name of the database in the reference. If the ebook is from an academic research database and has no DOI or stable URL, end the book reference after the publisher name. The reference in this case is the same as for a print book.
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