Canadian History: Post-Confederation includes Learning Objectives and Key Points in most chapter sections, intended to help identify issues of over-arching importance. Recent interviews with historians from across Canada have been captured in video clips that are embedded throughout the web version of the book. The key terms are bolded in the text, and collected in a Glossary in the appendix. The CC licence permits you to retain, reuse, copy, redistribute, and revise this book—in whole or in part—for free providing the author is attributed as follows:.
If you redistribute all or part of this book, it is recommended the following statement be added to the copyright page so readers can access the original book at no cost:. Share on Twitter. Read Book. Chapter 3. Forestell, Department of History, St.
Francis Xavier University. Chapter 4. Politics and Conflict in Victorian and Edwardian Canada. Stanley, Faculty of Education, University of Ottawa. Sager, Department of History, University of Victoria. Thomas University. Book Description This textbook introduces aspects of the history of Canada since Confederation.
His current project is a study of how Canada's prime ministers have articulated a national identity for the country. The maintenance of Canadian federalism, and Canada itself, depends on workable relationships between its constituent parts that are able to secure political agreement through accommodation. This argument is developed by examining the dispute between Newfoundland and Ottawa over the control of offshore oil and gas from the late s to , which also became a subtext for the pursuit of economic security, justice, and equality for the province.
Energy policy, including the offshore, was often a key issue in the fractious intergovernmental relations in Canada in this period, and this article argues for the inclusion of political actors as an important force in shaping politics and political decisions.
While it does not ignore partisan divisions and issues of constitutionalism, the article makes the case that political stability in Canada also depends on relationships. As such, the article offers a unique opportunity to reframe our understanding of interstate federalism and redirect the discussion of politics and federalism away from constitutionalism and judicial review to the role of politicians and personal relations in federal-provincial governance.
Other provinces soon follow and grant women the right to vote in provincial elections. On Easter Monday, four Canadian divisions and one British brigade captured Vimy Ridge, near Arras, France, with a loss of killed and wounded. It was a brilliant victory for the Canadians, who sensed a new national awareness. Sir Robert Borden announced his decision in Parliament to implement Conscription. The imposition of conscription on reluctant French Canadians was a failure and bitterly divided the country along French-English lines.
Parliament passes the Wartime Elections Act. The right to vote federally now extends to women in the armed forces and female relatives of military men. The resulting explosion, the largest before the advent of the atomic bomb, killed more than 1, people and injured 9, in Canada's worst disaster. Many Canadian women are granted the right to vote in federal elections, but First Nations women can only vote if they give up their status and treaty rights.
Possibly the most devastating epidemic in human history, which may have originated in Funston, Kansas, spread through Europe and the world, killing some 30 million people, including about 50 Canadians. The virus arrived with servicemen on board the ship Araguaya at Halifax. The first civilian outbreak in Canada occurred on September 8, The Winnipeg General Strike , the largest strike in Canadian history, occurs.
Between May 15 and June 25, more than 30, workers leave their jobs. Arts and Culture. Seven Toronto-based artists, frustrated with the conservatism of Canadian art, exhibit their work as the Group of Seven. Their interpretations of the Canadian landscape gain international attention and create a new artistic vision in Canada. The Dominion Elections Act enfranchised many of those who had been disenfranchised during the First World War, such as those originating from countries with which Canada had been at war.
However, the Act stated that anyone who was disenfranchised by provincial legislation because of race would remain disenfranchised from the federal vote. The first diabetes patient was treated on 11 January Banting and J. Macleod received the Nobel Prize for their achievement. Male Status Indian veterans of the First World War gain the right to vote in federal elections without losing their status and treaty rights. The crisis inspires the creation of social welfare programs.
Veterans of the First World War in British Columbia become the first Japanese Canadians granted the right to vote in federal or provincial elections.
The Statute of Westminster received royal assent after being passed by the British Parliament. By establishing complete legislative equality between the parliaments of Britain and Canada, it is the closest Canada has come to a declaration of independence.
Parliament passed an Act establishing the publicly funded Canadian Radio Broadcasting Commission, the forerunner of the Canadian Broadcasting Corp of The Co-operative Commonwealth Federation was founded in Calgary. Led by J. Woodsworth, the CCF was the first major democratic socialist movement in Canada and went on to have a profound effect on the Canadian political landscape. Inuit and First Nations persons living on reserves are disqualified from voting in federal elections, except for First Nations veterans who had previously received the vote.
Cohen was one of the most iconic Canadian artists of the 20th century. A sage, mystic, bohemian and romantic, he built an acclaimed body of literary work and a revered career in pop music. He was sworn in on September 3. The party dominated Alberta politics until The organization received money from waterfowl hunters for wetland habitat conservation projects in Canada. The NFB pioneered developments in social documentary, animation, documentary drama and direct cinema. Its films have won hundreds of international awards.
Canada declared war on Germany, 7 days after Britain and France. The first Canadian troops left for England in December. Although "obliged to go to war at Britain's side," King's delay of a week was a symbolic gesture of independence. Following the Japanese strike on Pearl Harbour, the federal government interns 22, Japanese men, women and children in British Columbia for the remainder of the war.
The government apologizes for Japanese internment in Similar actions had taken place in , with the internment of nationals from Germany, and the Austro-Hungarian and Turkish Empires. Canadian and British troops raided the French port of Dieppe to test German defences. The raid lasted only 9 hours, but of the nearly Canadian soldiers involved, more than were killed and taken prisoner. Status Indian veterans who served in the Second World War and their spouses are permitted to vote in federal elections without losing status, with some conditions.
Viola Desmond is dragged out of a Nova Scotia movie theatre and charged by police after she refuses to move from the main floor of the theatre to the balcony, where Black patrons were segregated. Her decision to fight her charges raises awareness of the racism experienced by Black Canadians. The Nova Scotia government posthumously pardons her in Changes to federal legislation allow Chinese and South Asian Canadians to vote. The discovery ended a long decline in the Alberta oil industry, began an era of prosperity for the province and spared Canada dependence on foreign oil.
Race is no longer grounds for exclusion from voting in federal elections. However, Status Indians still have to give up their Status in order to vote. Beginning with British Columbia in and ending with Quebec in , First Nations peoples gradually win the right to vote in provincial elections without losing status or treaty rights.
Newfoundland entered the Dominion of Canada as the 10th province through an Act of Westminster. The first session of the legislature was held at St. John's on 13 July. The NATO treaty marked a new era of ties with the United States and of distance from Great Britain and spelled out the importance of economic collaboration. Inuit are granted the right to vote in federal elections, but the isolation of several communities means many cannot access polling stations.
Later reforms increase access to ballot boxes. The km oil pipeline from Edmonton to the Great Lakes was completed, linking Canada's gas fields with the markets of central Canada. In Alberta gas finally reached Toronto and imports of Texas gas ended. Changes to the Indian Act grant First Nations women the right to vote in band council elections. The report of the Massey Commission was tabled in the House of Commons; among its recommendations was the creation of the Canada Council.
Glenn Gould made his Washington and New York debuts. He made his first recording of the Bach Goldberg Variations later that year released , one of the most famous recordings of the century.
Pearson and his colleagues at the United Nations won General Assembly support for an international force to secure the cessation of hostilities in the Suez Canal crisis in Egypt. Canadian General E. Burns was named commander of the UN Emergency Force. The St Lawrence Seaway was opened to commercial shipping.
Lesage was sworn in as premier on 5 Jul. First Nations peoples receive the right to vote in federal elections while retaining their status and treaty rights. However, they are still excluded from voting in some provinces. Although the Bill did not bind the provinces, it obliged the federal government to gurantee civil rights and freedoms to all Canadians. When the Saskatchewan Medicare Act came into force, most Saskatchewan doctors closed their offices.
The Medical Care Insurance Commission brought doctors from out of province to meet the emergency. Arts and Culture Politics. A new national flag of Canada was adopted after much debate. The Senate gave its approval on 17 December. Queen Elizabeth signed the royal proclamation on 28 January and the new flag, with its red maple leaf and side bars, flew officially for the first time on 15 February The Official Languages Act was given assent, to come into effect on September 7.
It declared English and French the official languages of the federal administration. Federal government services — including all services related to federal elections — must now be available in both French and English.
See Official Languages Act , Parliament passes legislation lowering the federal voting age from 21 to This adds two million Canadians to the electoral rolls. Paul Henderson scored the dramatic winning goal with 34 seconds left as Canada defeated the Soviet Union 6—5 in the final game of the Summit Series. Canada launched the world's first geostationary domestic satellite, Anik A With its launch, Canada became the first country in the world to employ satellites for domestic communications.
Terry Fox began his Marathon of Hope in St. John's, NL, to raise money for cancer research. The first of two Quebec referendums is held. After the failure of two constitutional accords, a second vote in narrowly approves of the province remaining in Canada, with It was adopted by the House of Lords on March The Act ended British legislative jurisdiction over Canada. The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms affirms the right of every Canadian citizen 18 and older to vote and to stand as a candidate.
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